Department of Psychology, the Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem, Israel.
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BACKGROUND: Infectious, autoimmune, and neurodegenerative diseasesi are associated with profound psychological disturbances.
Studies in animals clearly demonstrate that cytokinesi mediate illness-associated behavioral changes. However, the mechanisms underlying the respective psychological alterations in humans have not been established yet.
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Therefore, we investigated the effects of low-dose endotoxemia, a well-established and safe model of host-defense activation, on emotional, cognitive, immunological, and endocrine parameters.
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METHODS: In a double-blind, crossover study, 20 healthy male volunteers completed psychological questionnaires and neuropsychological tests 1, 3, and 9 hours after intravenous injection of Salmonella abortus equi endotoxini (0.8 ng/kg) or saline in 2 experimental sessions. Blood samples were collected hourly, and rectal temperature and heart rate were monitored continuously.
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RESULTS: Endotoxin had no effects on physical sickness symptoms, blood pressure, or heart rate. Endotoxin caused a mild increase in rectal temperature (0.5 degrees C), and increased the circulating levels of tumor necrosis factor alphai (TNF-alpha), soluble TNF receptors, interleukin (IL)-6, IL-1 receptor antagonist, and cortisol.
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After endotoxin administration, the subjects showed a transient significant increase in the levels of anxiety (effect size [ES] = 0.55) and depressed mood (ES = 0.66). Verbal and nonverbal memory functions were significantly decreased (ES = 0.55 to 0.64). Significant positive correlations were found between cytokine secretion and endotoxin-induced anxiety (r = 0.49 to r = 0.60), depressed mood (r = 0.40 to r = 0.75), and decreases in memory performance (r = 0.46 to r = 0.68).
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CONCLUSIONS: In humans, a mild stimulation of the primary host defense has negative effects on emotional and memory functions, which are probably caused by cytokine release. Hence, cytokines represent a novel target for neuropsychopharmacological research.
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Daisy - Husband on CAPii 5/07. "When Going Thru Hell, Just Keep Going", Winston Churchill
Excerpt of additional
Excerpt of additional research
Together with Dr. T. Pollmacher from the Max Planck Institute of Psychiatry in Munich, Germany, we have recently conducted a study on the effects of immunei activation with endotoxini on affective and cognitive variables in healthy volunteers (n=20).
A within-subjects cross-over design was used, in which each subject completed an extensive battery of psychological and neuropsychological tests following endotoxin injection (0.8 ng/kg) on one day, and following saline on another day. Neither the experimenter nor the subject knew the group assignment (i.e., a double blind design).
Preliminary results demonstrate that endotoxin induced clinical symptoms of illness, including a significant rise in rectal temperature, elevation in serum cortisol, and mild headache and muscle pain.
Endotoxin also induced a significant elevation in negative emotions, including sadness, anxiety, stress, nervousness, and tiredness.
In addition, endotoxin produced cognitive impairments, including impaired learning and memory and reduced visuo-spatial ability.
Daisy - Husband on CAPi 5/07. Roxyi, Diflucan, Rifampin, Bactrim DS, Mepron 4-6,
Prednisone,Novantrone, Doxyi, Azithromycin, Flagyli,Minoi___________________________________________________________
Daisy - Husband on CAPi 5/07. "When Going Thru Hell, Just Keep Going", Winston Churchill
Daisy, thanks for sharing
Daisy, thanks for sharing this. Recently I have been thinking how fortunate I have been to have not gone the emotional illness route to find an answer to my troubles (very similar to those you highlighted in the above comment. And these troubles are going more quickly and consitently as my time spent on CAPi increases. Thanks for sharing these pearls that you find!
Louise, CFSi. CPnPositive. BbPositive. WheldonCAP began6/24/07. NACi,Doxyi, Roxi,FullTiniPulses. Intermittent Cholestyramine,1-2packets, at bedtime,most often with pulses,and as needed, for Phorphoria & liposacaride Endotoxini Die-OffExperiences.
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Louise-CFSi, CPN+/Bb+ Wheldon CAPi 6/07, Cholestyramine1-2pksHSforPorphoria& Endotoxinsi, Doxy100daily,Roxi300BID,Tini500mgBIDpulses,VitD3-4000IU,MagnascentIodine,{S.O.D.3/QD[KAL Brand],+Pyruvate3.75G+SAM-eForEnergy}
Daisy- I have great
Daisy- I have great respect for your persuit for causes and effect in this fight for our emotional and cognitive troubles. This is one of the most difficult areas to explain to family and friends, "it's not me it's endotoxinsi". My ability to write, focus, and feel comfortable around people who don't understand what I have to deal with, does cause emotional exhaustion. Thanks so much for the information.
I wish you all the best.
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started Wheldon capi 4/21/08 for Cpni, CMV, EBVi, CFSi. Currently on: all supplementsi,Doxyi.100, added Azith.250mg S M/W/F on 6/30/08. Valtrex for viral load. Still not on NACi
Bonnie, Thanks for popping
Bonnie, Thanks for popping this up again. This time I will bookmark it for future reference.
Louise
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Louise-CFSi, CPN+/Bb+ Wheldon CAPi 6/07, Cholestyramine1-2pksHSforPorphoria& Endotoxinsi, Doxy100daily,Roxi300BID,Tini500mgBIDpulses,VitD3-4000IU,MagnascentIodine,{S.O.D.3/QD[KAL Brand],+Pyruvate3.75G+SAM-eForEnergy}